Women's preference for a vaginal birth in Brazilian private hospitals: effects of a quality improvement project.

BACKGROUND: In 2015, a quality improvement project called "Adequate Childbirth Project" (PPA) was implemented in Brazilian private hospitals in order to reduce cesarean sections without clinical indication. The PPA is structured in four components, one of which is directed at women and families. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of PPA on women's preference for vaginal birth (VB) at the end of pregnancy. METHODS: Evaluative research conducted in 12 private hospitals participating in the PPA. Interviews were carried out in the immediate postpartum period and medical record data were collected at hospital discharge. The implementation of PPA activities and women's preference for type of birth at the beginning and end of pregnancy were compared in women assisted in the PPA model of care and in the standard of care model, using a chi-square statistical test. To estimate the effect of PPA on women's preference for VB at the end of pregnancy, multiple logistic regression was performed with selection of variables using a causal diagram. RESULTS: Four thousand seven hundred ninety-eight women were interviewed. The implementation of the planned activities of PPA was less than 50%, but were significantly more frequent among women assisted in the PPA model of care. Women in this group also showed a greater preference for VB at the beginning and end of pregnancy. The PPA showed an association with greater preference for VB at the end of pregnancy in primiparous (OR 2.54 95% CI 1.99-3.24) and multiparous women (OR 1.44 95% CI 0.97-2.12), although in multiparous this association was not significant. The main factor associated with the preference for VB at the end of pregnancy was the preference for this type of birth at the beginning of pregnancy, both in primiparous (OR 18.67 95% CI 14.22-24.50) and in multiparous women (OR 53.11 95% CI 37.31-75.60). CONCLUSIONS: The PPA had a positive effect on women's preference for VB at the end of pregnancy. It is plausible that more intense effects are observed with the expansion of the implementation of the planned activities. Special attention should be given to information on the benefits of VB in early pregnancy.

Cesarean rates have been increasing worldwide and constitute the most frequent type of childbirth in Brazil since 2009. In 2015, a quality improvement project was implemented in Brazilian private hospitals, with the objective of reducing medically unnecessary cesarean sections and increasing the number of vaginal births. This project, called "Adequate Childbirth Project" (PPA), has four components, one of which is directed at women and families, aiming to increase their participation in decision-making processes related to childbirth. In this study, we assessed whether this program contributed to increased preference for vaginal birth at the end of pregnancy. In previous studies in Brazil, we saw that women who maintained preference for vaginal birth throughout pregnancy were those who had the lowest proportion of cesarean sections. We found that the PPA increased preference for vaginal birth by almost three times in primiparous women. Among women with previous births, this increase was smaller. In this group of women, having a previous cesarean section was an important factor for not wanting a vaginal birth, and this is a very common condition in Brazil. For all women, having preference for vaginal birth at the beginning of pregnancy was the main factor in wanting this type of birth at the end of pregnancy. The results demonstrate the importance of educational activities that disseminate information about the benefits of vaginal birth, increasing the preference of women for this type of childbirth, in addition to supporting them throughout pregnancy, so that they feel empowered in their choice.

Maternal health surveillance panel: a tool for expanding epidemiological surveillance of women's health and its determinants.

OBJECTIVE: To present the methodology used in the development of two products for maternal health surveillance and its determinants and discuss their possible uses. METHODS: Based on a theoretical model of the determinants of maternal death and databases of Brazilian health information systems, two free products were developed: an interactive panel "surveillance of maternal health" and an educational material "Aparecida: a story about the vulnerability of Brazilian women to maternal death", both available on the website of the Brazilian Obstetric Observatory. RESULTS: More than 30 indicators were calculated for the period 2012-2020, containing information on socioeconomic conditions and access to health services, reproductive planning, prenatal care, delivery care, conditions of birth and maternal mortality and morbidity. The indicators related to severe maternal morbidity in public hospitalizations stand out, calculated for the first time for the country. The panel allows analysis by municipality or aggregated by health region, state, macro-region and country; historical series analysis; and comparisons across locations and with benchmarks. Information quality data are presented and discussed in an integrated manner with the indicators. In the educational material, visualizations with national and international data are presented, aiming to help in the understanding of the determinants of maternal death and facilitate the interpretation of the indicators. CONCLUSION: It is expected that the two products have the potential to expand epidemiological surveillance of maternal health and its determinants, contributing to the formulation of health policies and actions that promote women's health and reduce maternal mortality.

Maternal health surveillance panel: a tool for expanding epidemiological surveillance of women's health and its determinants / Painel de vigilância da saúde materna: uma ferramenta para ampliação da vigilância epidemiológica da saúde das mulheres e seus determinantes

ABSTRACT Objective: To present the methodology used in the development of two products for maternal health surveillance and its determinants and discuss their possible uses. Methods: Based on a theoretical model of the determinants of maternal death and databases of Brazilian health information systems, two free products were developed: an interactive panel "surveillance of maternal health" and an educational material "Aparecida: a story about the vulnerability of Brazilian women to maternal death", both available on the website of the Brazilian Obstetric Observatory. Results: More than 30 indicators were calculated for the period 2012-2020, containing information on socioeconomic conditions and access to health services, reproductive planning, prenatal care, delivery care, conditions of birth and maternal mortality and morbidity. The indicators related to severe maternal morbidity in public hospitalizations stand out, calculated for the first time for the country. The panel allows analysis by municipality or aggregated by health region, state, macro-region and country; historical series analysis; and comparisons across locations and with benchmarks. Information quality data are presented and discussed in an integrated manner with the indicators. In the educational material, visualizations with national and international data are presented, aiming to help in the understanding of the determinants of maternal death and facilitate the interpretation of the indicators. Conclusion: It is expected that the two products have the potential to expand epidemiological surveillance of maternal health and its determinants, contributing to the formulation of health policies and actions that promote women's health and reduce maternal mortality.

RESUME Objetivo: Apresentar a metodologia utilizada no desenvolvimento de dois produtos para a vigilância da saúde materna e seus determinantes e discutir as suas possíveis utilizações. Métodos: A partir de modelo teórico dos determinantes do óbito materno e bases de dados dos sistemas de informação em saúde brasileiros, foram desenvolvidos dois produtos gratuitos: um painel interativo denominado "Vigilância da saúde materna" e um material educativo chamado "Aparecida: uma história sobre a vulnerabilidade da mulher brasileira à morte materna", ambos disponíveis no site do Observatório Obstétrico Brasileiro. Resultados: Foram calculados mais de 30 indicadores para o período 2012-2020, contendo informações sobre condições socioeconômicas e de acesso a serviços de saúde, planejamento reprodutivo, assistência pré-natal, assistência ao parto, condições de nascimento e mortalidade e morbidade materna. Destacam-se os indicadores relacionados à morbidade materna grave em internações públicas, calculados pela primeira vez para o país. O painel permite análises por município ou agregadas por região de saúde, unidade da federação, macrorregião e país; análises de série histórica; e comparações entre localidades e com padrões de referência. Dados de qualidade da informação são apresentados e discutidos de forma integrada aos indicadores. No material educativo, visualizações com dados nacionais e internacionais são apresentadas, visando auxiliar na compreensão dos determinantes do óbito materno e facilitar a interpretação dos indicadores. Conclusão: Espera-se que os produtos tenham o potencial de ampliar a vigilância epidemiológica da saúde materna e seus determinantes, contribuindo para a formulação de políticas e ações de saúde que promovam a saúde das mulheres e reduzam a mortalidade materna.

[Spatial analysis of maternal morbidity and mortality in users of the Brazilian Unified National Health System in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2014-2016]. / Análise espacial da morbimortalidade materna em usuárias do Sistema Único de Saúde no Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 2014-2016.

The objective of this study is to analyze the maternal morbidity and mortality of women treated in hospitals of the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) in the city of Rio de Janeiro in the period 2014-2016. An ecological study was conducted using data from the Brazilian Information System on Live Birth (SINASC), the Brazilian Mortality Information System (SIM), and the Brazilian Hospital Information System (SIH/SUS). For the analysis of the maternal mortality ratio (MMR), data from the SIM were used. For the analysis of maternal morbidity, World Health Organization criteria were used to estimate the ratios of maternal near miss and potentially life-threatening conditions. SINASC was used to retrieve data on the number of live births, for demographic characterization, social aspects, and access to prenatal care. To evaluate the spatial association between the indicators MMR, ratios of maternal near miss, and potentially life-threatening conditions and the demographic, social, obstetric, and access indicators, obtained from SINASC, the bivariate Moran Index was estimated with a significance level of 0.05, using the GeoDa program. In the period analyzed, the MMR in the Rio de Janeiro was 94.16/100,000 live births, the ratio of maternal near miss was 28.21/1,000 live births, and the potentially life-threatening conditions was 34.31/1,000 live births. Cases of potentially life-threatening conditions were used for the first time in this study and presented diagnoses and procedures during hospitalization more consistent with the maternal mortality profile in the city of Rio de Janeiro. There was a significant association between MMR and percentage of live births in SUS, potentially life-threatening conditions and percentage of live births in SUS, and potentially life-threatening conditions and being single.

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a morbimortalidade materna de mulheres atendidas em hospitais do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, no período de 2014 a 2016. Foi realizado estudo ecológico, por meio da coleta de dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC), Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM) e Sistema de Informações Hospitalares (SIH/SUS). Para analisar a razão de mortalidade materna (RMM), foram utilizados dados do SIM. Para investigar a morbidade materna, adotaram-se critérios da Organização Mundial da Saúde para estimar as razões de near miss materno e de condições potencialmente ameaçadoras à vida. Dados do SINASC foram usados para número de nascidos vivos e caracterização demográfica, social e de acesso a serviço de pré-natal. Para avaliar a associação espacial entre os indicadores RMM, razões de near miss materno e condições potencialmente ameaçadoras à vida e os indicadores demográficos, sociais, obstétricos e de acesso obtidos no SINASC, foi calculado o índice de Moran bivariado com nível de 0,05 de significância, por meio do programa GeoDa. No período analisado, a RMM no Município do Rio de Janeiro foi de 94,16/100 mil nascidos vivos, a razão de near miss materno de 28,21/1.000 nascidos vivos e a razão de condições potencialmente ameaçadoras à vida de 34,31/1.000 nascidos vivos. Casos de condições potencialmente ameaçadoras à vida foram utilizados pela primeira vez neste estudo e apresentaram diagnósticos de internação e procedimentos realizados mais condizentes com o perfil de mortalidade materna no Município do Rio de Janeiro. Houve associação significativa entre RMM e percentual de nascidos vivos no SUS, razão de condições potencialmente ameaçadoras à vida e percentual de nascidos vivos no SUS e razão de condições potencialmente ameaçadoras à vida e ser solteira.

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la morbimortalidad materna de las mujeres atendidas en hospitales del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) del municipio de Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, en el período 2014-2016. Fue realizado un estudio ecológico, por medio del uso de datos del Sistema de Información sobre Nacidos Vivos (SINASC), Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad (SIM) y del Sistema de Información Hospitalaria (SIH/SUS). Para el análisis de la razón de mortalidad materna (RMM) se utilizaron los datos SIM. Para el análisis de la morbilidad materna se utilizaron los criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para estimar las razón de near miss materno y de condiciones potencialmente amenazantes a la vida. Para el número de nacidos vivos y la información demográfica, social y de acceso al servicio de atención prenatal fueron utilizados datos del SINASC. Para evaluar la asociación espacial entre los indicadores RMM, razon de near miss materno y razon de condiciones potencialmente amenazantes a la vida y los indicadores demográficos, sociales, obstétricos y de accesos obtenidos en el SINASC fue calculado el Índice de Moran bivariado con nivel de 0,05 de significación, usando el programa GeoDa. En el período analizado, la RMM en el municipio de Rio de Janeiro fue de 94,16/100.000 nascidos vivos, la razón de near miss materno de 28,21/1.000 nascidos vivos y la razón de condiciones potencialmente amenazantes a la vida de 34,31/1.000 nascidos vivos. Los casos de condiciones potencialmente amenazantes a la vida se utilizaron por primera vez en este estudio y presentaron diagnósticos de hospitalización y procedimientos realizados más acordes con el perfil de mortalidad materna en el Municipio de Rio de Janeiro Hubo una asociación significativa entre RMM y el porcentaje de nacidos vivos en el SUS, razón de condiciones potencialmente amenazantes a la vida y el porcentaje de nacidos vivos en el SUS y razón de condiciones potencialmente amenazantes a la vida y ser soltera.

Prevalence of alcohol use during pregnancy, Brazil, 2011-2012. / Prevalência de uso de álcool na gestação, Brasil, 2011-2012.

This is a national cross-sectional, hospital-based study, which interviewed 23,894 postpartum women in 2011-2012 aiming to estimate the prevalence of alcohol use during pregnancy and identifying more vulnerable groups. Alcohol use during pregnancy was identified using the TWEAK scale, and women with a score of ≥ 2 were classified as having a "presumable diagnosis of inadequate alcohol use". The national prevalence of alcohol use and the prevalence in subgroups were calculated according to maternal characteristics, with respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Coexistence of smoking, inadequate prenatal consultations, and alcohol use during pregnancy were graphically identified. The prevalence of alcohol use was 14% (95%CI: 13.3-14.7), with 10% (95%CI: 9.3-10.6) of women presenting presumable diagnosis of inadequate alcohol us during pregnancy. Higher prevalence of alcohol use and presumable diagnosis of inadequate alcohol us was observed in black women, aged 12-19 years, with lower educational level, from a lower economic class, without a partner, without paid work, with more than three previous births, who did not want to get pregnant, with inadequate prenatal care, with previous delivery in public services, and who reported smoking during pregnancy. Among the interviewees, 1.2% presented all three risk factors for negative perinatal outcomes at the same time: smoking, alcohol use, and inadequate prenatal care. The results showed a high prevalence of alcohol use during pregnancy and presumable diagnosis of inadequate alcohol us, especially among women with worse social conditions. These data are relevant for the formulation of public policies to prevent alcohol use and provide support services to help this population stop alcohol use during pregnancy.

Estudo transversal, de base hospitalar, nacional, com entrevista de 23.894 puérperas, em 2011-2012, com os objetivos de estimar a prevalência de consumo de álcool na gestação e identificar grupos mais vulneráveis. O uso de álcool na gestação foi identificado por meio da escala TWEAK, sendo classificadas como "diagnóstico presumível de uso inadequado de álcool" mulheres com pontuação ≥ 2. Calculou-se a prevalência nacional de uso de álcool e em subgrupos de acordo com características maternas, com respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). Foram encontradas, de forma gráfica, coexistência de tabagismo, inadequação de consultas pré-natais e ingestão de bebidas alcoólicas na gestação. A prevalência de uso de álcool foi de 14% (IC95%: 13,3-14,7), com 10% (IC95%: 9,3-10,6) das mulheres apresentando diagnóstico presumível de uso inadequado de álcool na gestação. Maiores prevalências de uso de álcool e de diagnóstico presumível de uso inadequado foram observadas em mulheres pretas, com 12-19 anos de idade, com menor índice de escolaridade, de classe econômica mais baixa, sem companheiro, sem trabalho remunerado, com mais de três partos anteriores, que não queriam engravidar, com assistência pré-natal inadequada, com parto em serviços públicos e que referiram tabagismo na gestação. Estima-se que 1,2% das mulheres entrevistadas apresentavam concomitância dos três fatores de risco para desfechos perinatais negativos: fumo, álcool e assistência pré-natal inadequada. Os resultados demonstraram alta prevalência de uso de álcool na gestação e de diagnóstico presumível de uso inadequado, principalmente por mulheres em situação de vulnerabilidade social. São relevantes a elaboração de políticas públicas que contemplem ações de prevenção do uso de bebidas alcoólicas e a prestação de serviços de apoio para cessação do uso de álcool na gravidez.

Estudio transversal, de base hospitalaria, nacional, con entrevistas a 23.894 puérperas, en 2011-2012, con el objetivo de estimar la prevalencia de consumo de alcohol durante el embarazo e identificar grupos más vulnerables. El consumo de alcohol durante el embarazo se identificó mediante la escala TWEAK, y las mujeres con puntuación ≥ 2 fueron clasificadas como "diagnóstico presumible de uso inadecuado de alcohol¨. Se calculó la prevalencia nacional de consumo de alcohol y subgrupos según características maternas, con sus respectivos intervalos de 95% de confianza (IC95%). Se identificó gráficamente la coexistencia de tabaquismo, consultas prenatales inadecuadas y consumo de alcohol durante el embarazo. La prevalencia de consumo de alcohol fue del 14% (IC95%: 13,3-14,7), siendo el 10% (IC95%: 9,3-10,6) de mujeres con diagnóstico presumible de uso inadecuado durante el embarazo. Se observaron mayores prevalencias de consumo de alcohol y diagnóstico presumible de uso inadecuado en mujeres de color/raza negra, de 12-19 años, con menos años de escolaridad, de clase económica más baja, sin pareja, sin trabajo remunerado, con más de tres partos previos, que no querían quedar embarazadas, con control prenatal inadecuado, con parto en el sistema público de salud y que relataron fumar durante el embarazo. Se estima que el 1,2% de las mujeres entrevistadas presentaron la concomitancia de tres factores de riesgo en resultados perinatales negativos: tabaquismo, alcohol y atención prenatal inadecuada. Los resultados demuestran una alta prevalencia de consumo de alcohol durante el embarazo y de diagnóstico presumible de uso inadecuado, especialmente en mujeres con las peores condiciones sociales, siendo relevante para la elaboración de políticas públicas que incluyan acciones de prevención del consumo de alcohol y servicios de apoyo para el cese del consumo de alcohol en el embarazo.

Pregnancy incidence, outcomes and associated factors in a cohort of women living with HIV/AIDS in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1996-2016.

The aim of this research was to analyze pregnancy incidence and associated factors in a cohort of 753 women living with HIV/AIDS (WLWHA) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 1996 to 2016. Women aged 18-49 years who were not on menopause (surgical or natural) and did not have a tubal ligation were eligible for the study. Data were collected by medical professionals during initial and follow-up visits. Person-time pregnancy incidence rates were calculated throughout the follow-up period. Pregnancy incidence-associated factors were investigated by univariate and multiple analyzes, using an extension of the Cox survival model. Follow-up visits recorded 194 pregnancies, with an incidence rate of 4.01/100 person-years (95% CI: 3.47; 4.60). A higher pregnancy incidence was associated with CD4 nadir ≥ 350 cells/mm³, use of an antiretroviral regimen not containing Efavirenz, and prior teenage pregnancy. In turn, women with a viral load ≥ 50 copies/mL, age ≥ 35 years old, with two or more children and using a highly effective contraceptive method showed a lower incidence. Results showed a significant reduction in pregnancy incidence after 2006, a significant reduction in female sterilization from 1996 to 2016, and a high rate of cesarean sections. The association found between pregnancy incidence and the use of contraceptive methods and virological control markers suggests a good integration between HIV/AIDS and reproductive health services. The high rate of cesarean section delivery indicates the need to improve childbirth care.

Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative and exclusive breastfeeding during hospital stay.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding during maternity hospital stay (outcome) and to analyze the association between delivery in a Baby-Friendly Hospital (BFH) and the outcome. The hypothesis is that accreditation to this program improves exclusive breastfeeding during maternity hospital stay. Exclusive breastfeeding is essential in reducing neonatal morbidity and mortality. METHODS: This study is based on secondary data collected by the "Birth in Brazil: National Survey into Labour and Birth", a population-based study, conducted with 21,086 postpartum women, from February 1, 2011, to October 31, 2012, in 266 hospitals from all five Brazilian regions. Face-to-face interviews were conducted mostly within the first 24 hours after birth, regarding individual and gestational characteristics, prenatal care, delivery, newborn's characteristics, and breastfeeding at birth. A theoretical model was created, allocating the exposure variables in three levels based on their proximity to the outcome. This hierarchical conceptual model was applied to perform a multiple logistic regression (with 95%CI and p < 0.05). RESULTS: In this study, 76.0% of the babies were exclusively breastfed from birth until the interview. Babies born in public (AOR = 1.73; 95%CI: 1.10-2.87), mixed (AOR = 2.48; 95%CI: 1.35-4.53) and private (AOR = 5.54; 95%CI: 2.38-12.45) BFHs were more likely to be exclusively breastfed during maternity hospital stay than those born in non-BFHs, as well as those born by vaginal birth (AOR = 2.16; 95%CI: 1.79-2.61), with adolescent mothers (AOR = 1.83; 95%CI: 1.47-2.26) or adults up to 34 years old (AOR =1 .31; 95%CI: 1.13-1.52), primiparous women (AOR = 1.51; 95%CI: 1.34-1.70), and mothers living in the Northern region of Brazil (AOR = 1.99; 95%CI: 1.14-3.49). CONCLUSIONS: The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative promotes exclusive breastfeeding during hospital stay regarding individual and hospital differences.

Women's voice on changes in childbirth care practices: a qualitative approach to women's experiences in Brazilian private hospitals participating in the Adequate Childbirth Project.

BACKGROUND: In Brazil, childbirth practices are strongly marked by surgical events and particularly in the private sector cesarean sections reach rates above 80%. The National Supplementary Health Agency proposed the Adequate Childbirth Project (PPA), a quality improvement project developed at Brazilian hospitals with the aim of changing the current model of childbirth care and reducing unnecessary cesarean sections. The objective of this study is to assess how the participation of women in the process of improving quality childbirth care occurred in two hospitals participating in the PPA. METHOD: Qualitative study, based on interviews with 102 women attended at two hospitals that took part in the first and second stages of the "Healthy Birth", an evaluative hospital-based research, conducted in 2017-2018, that assessed the degree of implementation and the effects of PPA. After thematic content analysis, supported by MaxQda software, three categories emerged: (1) how women gathered knowledge about the PPA, (2) how women perceived it, and (3) which are their suggestions for the PPA improvement. RESULTS: The PPA was unknown to most women before delivery. A polysemy of terms, including adequate childbirth, promotes recognition of the "new" model of care. Visits to the maternity hospital and antenatal care groups for pregnant women are opportunities for contacts that change the perception of what childbirth can be. Women have expectations of a relationship with maternity that is not limited to the moment of delivery. The listening channels established between hospitals and women are fragile and not systematized. By increasing the supply of listening spaces, one can also increase the request to leave their suggestions and contributions, and thus gain more allies in improving the project. Women are not yet included as PPA agents and their voices are silenced. CONCLUSIONS: Women's participation to improve childbirth care is relevant and necessary. The women's voice in the PPA is still incipient, and maternity hospitals and health plan operators should create strategies to insert and engage them. Women's voices should be listened to not only during but also before and after childbirth.

In Brazil, childbirth practices are strongly marked by surgical events and particularly in the private sector cesarean sections reach rates above 80%. The Adequate Childbirth Project (PPA) is a quality improvement project developed at Brazilian hospitals with the aim of changing the current model of childbirth care and reducing unnecessary cesarean sections. A qualitative study was developed in order to understand how hospitals have included the participation of women in the PPA. Based on interviews with 102 women, the present study shows that the PPA was unknown to most women before delivery. A polysemy of terms, including adequate childbirth, promotes recognition of the "new" model of care. Visits to the hospital and antenatal care groups for pregnant women are opportunities for contacts that change the perception of what childbirth can be. Women's participation to improve childbirth care is relevant and necessary. The women's voice in the PPA is still incipient and women are not yet included as agents of change, and their voices are silenced. Hospitals and health plan operators should create strategies to engage them. Women's voices may be listened to not only during but also before and after childbirth.

Breastfeeding in the first hour of life in Brazilian private hospitals participating in a quality-of-care improvement project.

BACKGROUND: The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative's Step 4 recommends: "support mothers to start breastfeeding as soon as possible after birth", thus contributing to the reduction of neonatal mortality. The objective of this study is to estimate the prevalence of breastfeeding in the first hour of life in private maternity hospitals participating in the "Adequate Childbirth Project", a quality-of-care improvement project, and to analyze determinants of this outcome. METHODS: Secondary analysis of data collected by the cross-sectional evaluative "Healthy Birth Study", conducted in 2017 in 12 maternity hospitals participating in the Adequate Childbirth Project, where 4800 mothers were interviewed, and hospital records were observed. Conditions that prevented breastfeeding at birth, such as maternal HIV-infection and newborns' severe malformations, were excluded. Multiple logistic regression was performed according to a hierarchical theoretical model. RESULTS: The prevalence of breastfeeding in the first hour of life was 58% (CI 95% 56.6-59.5%). Lower maternal education (aOR 0.643; CI 95% 0.528-0.782), lower economic status (aOR 0.687; CI 95% 0.504-0.935), cesarean section delivery (ORa 0.649; CI 95% 0.529-0.797), preterm birth (aOR 0.660; CI 95% 0.460-0.948) and non-rooming-in at birth (aOR 0.669; CI 95% 0.559-0.800) were negatively associated with the outcome. Receiving information during prenatal care about the importance of breastfeeding at birth (aOR 2.585; CI 95% 2.102-3.179), being target of the quality-of-care improvement project (aOR 1.273; CI 95% 1.065-1.522), skin-to-skin contact at birth (aOR 2.127; CI 95% 1.791-2.525) and female newborn (aOR 1.194; CI 95% 1.008-1.415) were factors positively associated with the outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The private maternities participating in the Healthy Birth Study showed a good prevalence of breastfeeding in the first hour of life, according to WHO parameters. Prenatal guidance on breastfeeding at birth, being target of the quality-of-care improvement project and skin-to-skin contact at birth contributed to breastfeeding in the first hour of life.

Evaluation of labor and childbirth care by nurse-midwives in Brazilian private hospitals: results of a quality improvement project.

BACKGROUND: In 2015, a quality improvement project-the "Adequate Childbirth Project" (Projeto Parto Adequado, or PPA)-was implemented in Brazilian private hospitals with the goal of reducing unnecessary cesarean sections. One of the strategies adopted by the PPA was the implementation of labor and childbirth care by nurse-midwives. The objective of this study is to evaluate the results of the PPA in the implementation and adequacy of labor and childbirth care by nurse-midwives in Brazilian private hospitals. METHODS: Cross-sectional, hospital-based study, carried out in 2017, in 12 hospitals participating in the PPA. We assessed the proportion of women assisted by nurse-midwives during labor and childbirth care and the adequacy of 13 care practices following parameters of the World Health Organization. Women assisted in the PPA model of care and in the standard of care model were compared using the chi-square statistical test. RESULTS: 4798 women were interviewed. Women in the PPA model of care had a higher proportion of labor (53% × 24.2%, p value < 0.001) and vaginal birth (32.7% × 11.3%, p value < 0.001), but no significant differences were observed in the proportion of women assisted by nurse-midwives during labor (54.8% × 50.1%, p value = 0.191) and vaginal birth (2.2% × 0.7%, p value = 0.142). The implementation of recommended practices was adequate, except the use of epidural analgesia for pain relief, which was intermediate. There was a greater use of recommended practices including "oral fluid and food", "maternal mobility and position", "monitoring of labor", "use of non-pharmacological methods for pain relief" and "epidural analgesia for pain relief" in women assisted by nurse-midwives in relation to those assisted only by doctors. Many non-recommended practices were frequently used during labor by nurse-midwives and doctors. CONCLUSIONS: There was an increase in the proportion of women with labor and vaginal birth in the PPA model of care and an appropriate use of recommended practices in women assisted by nurse-midwives. However, there was no difference in the proportion of women assisted by nurse-midwives in the two models of care. The expansion of nursing participation and the reduction of overused practices remain challenges.

Brazil has a high rate of cesarean sections with low participation of nurse-midwives in childbirth care. Nurse-midwife care is associated with less use of interventions, lower proportions of cesarean sections and greater women's satisfaction. In 2015, a quality improvement project, called the "Adequate Childbirth Project" (Projeto Parto Adequado, PPA), was implemented in Brazilian private hospitals to reduce unnecessary cesarean sections. One of its components is the expansion of nurse-midwives in labor and childbirth care. In this study, we evaluated the results of PPA on childbirth care by nurse-midwives. Data were collected in 12 hospitals with interviews with 4798 women. Women assisted in the PPA model of care had a higher proportion of labor and vaginal birth, but there was no increase in the proportion of women assisted by nurse-midwives, neither during labor nor vaginal birth. The use of recommended practices was adequate, except for the use of epidural analgesia, with greater use of some recommended practices in women assisted by nurse-midwives compared to those seen only by doctors. However, we observed excessive use of non-recommended practices during labor, both by doctors and nurses. We can conclude that there was an increase in the proportion of women with labor and vaginal birth in the PPA model of care and a greater use of recommended practices in women assisted by nurse-midwives, but without an increase in the proportion of women assisted by nurses. The expansion of nurse-midwives' participation in childbirth care and the reduction of non-recommended practices therefore continue to be challenges.

Care at the first postnatal hour in two hospitals of the Adequate Birth Project: qualitative analysis of experiences in two stages of the Healthy Birth research.

BACKGROUND:  The Adequate Childbirth Project (PPA) is a quality improvement project that aims to enhance normal delivery and reduce cesarean sections with no clinical indication in the Brazilian supplementary health care system. This study aims to analyze the care model of the first postpartum hour in hospitals that participated in the PPA. METHODS: Qualitative analysis based on the narrative of 102 women attended at two hospitals participating in the evaluative "Healthy Birth" research that analyzed the degree of implementation and the effects of the PPA. We assessed three practices within the first hour after delivery: skin-to-skin contact, breastfeeding and appropriate clamping of the umbilical cord. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews by telephone and submitted to thematic content analysis. RESULTS: The categories that emerged from the analysis of the results were "Dimension of time and care expressed in the lived experience" and "Interferences in care in the first hour of life". In the first category, women reported that in the first hour after delivery the newborn was placed on the mother's chest, but the length of time of the newborn's stay in skin-to-skin contact was less than one hour. This experience, even in a shorter period of time, was said to be positive by the women interviewed. Two barriers were observed: interruption of skin-to-skin contact for neonatal care and the transfer to the recovery room, both separating baby from mother without observing the duration of the "golden hour". It was identified that a process of improvement of the quality of care for childbirth is underway, with a gradual incorporation of recommended practices for care in newborn's first hour of life. CONCLUSIONS: Women reported access to the three care practices at two hospitals participating in the PPA quality improvement project. All practices were valued by women as a positive experience and should be promoted. Information during antenatal care to increase women´s autonomy, review of hospital practices to reduce barriers, and support from health care providers during the first hour after birth are needed to improve the implementation of these practices and access to their health benefits.

This study aims to analyze the care model of the first postpartum hour offered by two hospitals participating in the Adequate Childbirth Project (PPA), a quality improvement project to enhance normal delivery and reduce unnecessary cesarean sections in Brazilian private hospital. It is a qualitative analysis, based on the narrative of 102 women attended at two hospitals participating in the PPA. Categories that emerged from the analysis: "First hour; dimension of time and care expressed in the lived experience" and "Interferences in care in the first hour of life". Most women expressed a chronological time of skin-to-skin contact far from the ideal recommended in the first postpartum hour; however, they valued the experience and its meaning. Two barriers were observed in this care process: the interruption of skin-to-skin contact for neonatal care and the transfer to the recovery room, without observing the duration of the "golden hour". We can conclude that women evaluated the service positively, with indications that point to the sustainability of the PPA. Information during antenatal care to increase women´s autonomy are needed to improve the implementation of these practices and access to their health benefits.

Análise espacial da morbimortalidade materna em usuárias do Sistema Único de Saúde no Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 2014-2016 / Spatial analysis of maternal morbidity and mortality in users of the Brazilian Unified National Health System in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2014-2016 / Análisis espacial de la morbimortalidad materna en usuarias del Sistema Único de Salud en el municipio de Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 2014-2016

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a morbimortalidade materna de mulheres atendidas em hospitais do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, no período de 2014 a 2016. Foi realizado estudo ecológico, por meio da coleta de dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC), Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM) e Sistema de Informações Hospitalares (SIH/SUS). Para analisar a razão de mortalidade materna (RMM), foram utilizados dados do SIM. Para investigar a morbidade materna, adotaram-se critérios da Organização Mundial da Saúde para estimar as razões de near miss materno e de condições potencialmente ameaçadoras à vida. Dados do SINASC foram usados para número de nascidos vivos e caracterização demográfica, social e de acesso a serviço de pré-natal. Para avaliar a associação espacial entre os indicadores RMM, razões de near miss materno e condições potencialmente ameaçadoras à vida e os indicadores demográficos, sociais, obstétricos e de acesso obtidos no SINASC, foi calculado o índice de Moran bivariado com nível de 0,05 de significância, por meio do programa GeoDa. No período analisado, a RMM no Município do Rio de Janeiro foi de 94,16/100 mil nascidos vivos, a razão de near miss materno de 28,21/1.000 nascidos vivos e a razão de condições potencialmente ameaçadoras à vida de 34,31/1.000 nascidos vivos. Casos de condições potencialmente ameaçadoras à vida foram utilizados pela primeira vez neste estudo e apresentaram diagnósticos de internação e procedimentos realizados mais condizentes com o perfil de mortalidade materna no Município do Rio de Janeiro. Houve associação significativa entre RMM e percentual de nascidos vivos no SUS, razão de condições potencialmente ameaçadoras à vida e percentual de nascidos vivos no SUS e razão de condições potencialmente ameaçadoras à vida e ser solteira.

The objective of this study is to analyze the maternal morbidity and mortality of women treated in hospitals of the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) in the city of Rio de Janeiro in the period 2014-2016. An ecological study was conducted using data from the Brazilian Information System on Live Birth (SINASC), the Brazilian Mortality Information System (SIM), and the Brazilian Hospital Information System (SIH/SUS). For the analysis of the maternal mortality ratio (MMR), data from the SIM were used. For the analysis of maternal morbidity, World Health Organization criteria were used to estimate the ratios of maternal near miss and potentially life-threatening conditions. SINASC was used to retrieve data on the number of live births, for demographic characterization, social aspects, and access to prenatal care. To evaluate the spatial association between the indicators MMR, ratios of maternal near miss, and potentially life-threatening conditions and the demographic, social, obstetric, and access indicators, obtained from SINASC, the bivariate Moran Index was estimated with a significance level of 0.05, using the GeoDa program. In the period analyzed, the MMR in the Rio de Janeiro was 94.16/100,000 live births, the ratio of maternal near miss was 28.21/1,000 live births, and the potentially life-threatening conditions was 34.31/1,000 live births. Cases of potentially life-threatening conditions were used for the first time in this study and presented diagnoses and procedures during hospitalization more consistent with the maternal mortality profile in the city of Rio de Janeiro. There was a significant association between MMR and percentage of live births in SUS, potentially life-threatening conditions and percentage of live births in SUS, and potentially life-threatening conditions and being single.

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la morbimortalidad materna de las mujeres atendidas en hospitales del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) del municipio de Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, en el período 2014-2016. Fue realizado un estudio ecológico, por medio del uso de datos del Sistema de Información sobre Nacidos Vivos (SINASC), Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad (SIM) y del Sistema de Información Hospitalaria (SIH/SUS). Para el análisis de la razón de mortalidad materna (RMM) se utilizaron los datos SIM. Para el análisis de la morbilidad materna se utilizaron los criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para estimar las razón de near miss materno y de condiciones potencialmente amenazantes a la vida. Para el número de nacidos vivos y la información demográfica, social y de acceso al servicio de atención prenatal fueron utilizados datos del SINASC. Para evaluar la asociación espacial entre los indicadores RMM, razon de near miss materno y razon de condiciones potencialmente amenazantes a la vida y los indicadores demográficos, sociales, obstétricos y de accesos obtenidos en el SINASC fue calculado el Índice de Moran bivariado con nivel de 0,05 de significación, usando el programa GeoDa. En el período analizado, la RMM en el municipio de Rio de Janeiro fue de 94,16/100.000 nascidos vivos, la razón de near miss materno de 28,21/1.000 nascidos vivos y la razón de condiciones potencialmente amenazantes a la vida de 34,31/1.000 nascidos vivos. Los casos de condiciones potencialmente amenazantes a la vida se utilizaron por primera vez en este estudio y presentaron diagnósticos de hospitalización y procedimientos realizados más acordes con el perfil de mortalidad materna en el Municipio de Rio de Janeiro Hubo una asociación significativa entre RMM y el porcentaje de nacidos vivos en el SUS, razón de condiciones potencialmente amenazantes a la vida y el porcentaje de nacidos vivos en el SUS y razón de condiciones potencialmente amenazantes a la vida y ser soltera.

Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative and exclusive breastfeeding during hospital stay

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding during maternity hospital stay (outcome) and to analyze the association between delivery in a Baby-Friendly Hospital (BFH) and the outcome. The hypothesis is that accreditation to this program improves exclusive breastfeeding during maternity hospital stay. Exclusive breastfeeding is essential in reducing neonatal morbidity and mortality. METHODS This study is based on secondary data collected by the "Birth in Brazil: National Survey into Labour and Birth", a population-based study, conducted with 21,086 postpartum women, from February 1, 2011, to October 31, 2012, in 266 hospitals from all five Brazilian regions. Face-to-face interviews were conducted mostly within the first 24 hours after birth, regarding individual and gestational characteristics, prenatal care, delivery, newborn's characteristics, and breastfeeding at birth. A theoretical model was created, allocating the exposure variables in three levels based on their proximity to the outcome. This hierarchical conceptual model was applied to perform a multiple logistic regression (with 95%CI and p < 0.05). RESULTS In this study, 76.0% of the babies were exclusively breastfed from birth until the interview. Babies born in public (AOR = 1.73; 95%CI: 1.10-2.87), mixed (AOR = 2.48; 95%CI: 1.35-4.53) and private (AOR = 5.54; 95%CI: 2.38-12.45) BFHs were more likely to be exclusively breastfed during maternity hospital stay than those born in non-BFHs, as well as those born by vaginal birth (AOR = 2.16; 95%CI: 1.79-2.61), with adolescent mothers (AOR = 1.83; 95%CI: 1.47-2.26) or adults up to 34 years old (AOR =1 .31; 95%CI: 1.13-1.52), primiparous women (AOR = 1.51; 95%CI: 1.34-1.70), and mothers living in the Northern region of Brazil (AOR = 1.99; 95%CI: 1.14-3.49). CONCLUSIONS The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative promotes exclusive breastfeeding during hospital stay regarding individual and hospital differences.

Pregnancy incidence, outcomes and associated factors in a cohort of women living with HIV/AIDS in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1996-2016 / Incidência, desfechos e fatores associados à gravidez em uma coorte de mulheres vivendo com HIV/aids no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 1996-2016 / Incidencia, resultados y factores asociados con el embarazo en una cohorte de mujeres que viven con VIH/SIDA en Río de Janeiro, Brasil, 1996-2016

Abstract The aim of this research was to analyze pregnancy incidence and associated factors in a cohort of 753 women living with HIV/AIDS (WLWHA) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 1996 to 2016. Women aged 18-49 years who were not on menopause (surgical or natural) and did not have a tubal ligation were eligible for the study. Data were collected by medical professionals during initial and follow-up visits. Person-time pregnancy incidence rates were calculated throughout the follow-up period. Pregnancy incidence-associated factors were investigated by univariate and multiple analyzes, using an extension of the Cox survival model. Follow-up visits recorded 194 pregnancies, with an incidence rate of 4.01/100 person-years (95% CI: 3.47; 4.60). A higher pregnancy incidence was associated with CD4 nadir ≥ 350 cells/mm³, use of an antiretroviral regimen not containing Efavirenz, and prior teenage pregnancy. In turn, women with a viral load ≥ 50 copies/mL, age ≥ 35 years old, with two or more children and using a highly effective contraceptive method showed a lower incidence. Results showed a significant reduction in pregnancy incidence after 2006, a significant reduction in female sterilization from 1996 to 2016, and a high rate of cesarean sections. The association found between pregnancy incidence and the use of contraceptive methods and virological control markers suggests a good integration between HIV/AIDS and reproductive health services. The high rate of cesarean section delivery indicates the need to improve childbirth care.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a incidência de gravidez e fatores associados em uma coorte de mulheres vivendo com HIV/aids (MVHA) no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Foi realizada uma coorte clínica com 753 MVHA entre 1996 e 2016. Mulheres com idade entre 18-49 anos que não estavam na menopausa natural ou cirúrgica e que não tinham laqueadura tubária foram elegíveis para o estudo. Os dados foram coletados durante as consultas iniciais e de acompanhamento por profissionais médicos. As taxas de incidência por pessoa-tempo foram calculadas durante todo o período de acompanhamento. Análises univariadas e múltiplas foram realizadas para investigar fatores associados à incidência de gravidez, utilizando uma extensão do modelo de sobrevida de Cox. Foram registradas 194 gestações durante as consultas de acompanhamento, com uma taxa de incidência de 4,01/100 pessoas-ano (IC95%: 3,47-4,60). Uma maior incidência de gravidez foi associada a nadir CD4 ≥ 350 células/mm³, terapia antirretroviral sem Efavirenz e gravidez anterior na adolescência, enquanto uma menor incidência foi observada em mulheres com carga viral ≥ 50 cópias/mL, idade ≥ 35 anos, com dois ou mais filhos e que usavam um método contraceptivo altamente eficaz. Houve uma redução significativa na incidência de gestações após 2006, uma redução significativa na esterilização feminina entre 1996 e 2016 e uma alta taxa de cesarianas. A associação entre a incidência de gestações e o uso de métodos contraceptivos e marcadores de controle virológico sugere uma boa integração entre HIV/aids e serviços de saúde reprodutiva. A alta taxa de cesarianas indica a necessidade de melhoria na assistência ao parto.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la incidencia del embarazo y los factores asociados en una cohorte de mujeres que viven con VIH/SIDA (MVHA) en Río de Janeiro, Brasil. Se realizó una cohorte clínica con 753 MVHA entre 1996 y 2016. Las mujeres de 18-49 años que no estaban en la menopausia natural o quirúrgica y que no tenían ligadura de trompas fueron elegibles para el estudio. Los datos se recopilaron durante las consultas iniciales y de seguimiento por parte de profesionales médicos. Las tasas de incidencia por persona-tiempo se calcularon durante todo el período de seguimiento. Se realizaron análisis univariados y múltiples para investigar los factores asociados con la incidencia del embarazo utilizando una extensión del modelo de supervivencia de Cox. Se registraron 194 embarazos durante las consultas de seguimiento, con una tasa de incidencia de 4,01/100 personas-año (IC95%: 3,47-4,60). Una mayor incidencia de embarazo se asoció con nadir CD4 ≥ 350 células/mm3, terapia antirretroviral sin Efavirenz y embarazo previo en la adolescencia, mientras que una menor incidencia se observó en mujeres con carga viral ≥ 50 copias/mL, edad ≥ 35 años, con dos o más hijos y que usaban un método anticonceptivo muy eficaz. Hubo una reducción significativa en la incidencia de embarazos después de 2006, una reducción significativa en la esterilización femenina entre 1996 y 2016 y una alta tasa de cesáreas. La asociación entre la incidencia de embarazos y el uso de métodos anticonceptivos y marcadores de control virológico sugiere una buena integración entre el VIH/SIDA y los servicios de salud reproductiva. La alta tasa de cesáreas indica la necesidad de mejorar la asistencia al parto.

Prevalência de uso de álcool na gestação, Brasil, 2011-2012 / Prevalencia del consumo de alcohol durante el embarazo en Brasil, 2011-2012 / Prevalence of alcohol use during pregnancy, Brazil, 2011-2012

Resumo: Estudo transversal, de base hospitalar, nacional, com entrevista de 23.894 puérperas, em 2011-2012, com os objetivos de estimar a prevalência de consumo de álcool na gestação e identificar grupos mais vulneráveis. O uso de álcool na gestação foi identificado por meio da escala TWEAK, sendo classificadas como "diagnóstico presumível de uso inadequado de álcool" mulheres com pontuação ≥ 2. Calculou-se a prevalência nacional de uso de álcool e em subgrupos de acordo com características maternas, com respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). Foram encontradas, de forma gráfica, coexistência de tabagismo, inadequação de consultas pré-natais e ingestão de bebidas alcoólicas na gestação. A prevalência de uso de álcool foi de 14% (IC95%: 13,3-14,7), com 10% (IC95%: 9,3-10,6) das mulheres apresentando diagnóstico presumível de uso inadequado de álcool na gestação. Maiores prevalências de uso de álcool e de diagnóstico presumível de uso inadequado foram observadas em mulheres pretas, com 12-19 anos de idade, com menor índice de escolaridade, de classe econômica mais baixa, sem companheiro, sem trabalho remunerado, com mais de três partos anteriores, que não queriam engravidar, com assistência pré-natal inadequada, com parto em serviços públicos e que referiram tabagismo na gestação. Estima-se que 1,2% das mulheres entrevistadas apresentavam concomitância dos três fatores de risco para desfechos perinatais negativos: fumo, álcool e assistência pré-natal inadequada. Os resultados demonstraram alta prevalência de uso de álcool na gestação e de diagnóstico presumível de uso inadequado, principalmente por mulheres em situação de vulnerabilidade social. São relevantes a elaboração de políticas públicas que contemplem ações de prevenção do uso de bebidas alcoólicas e a prestação de serviços de apoio para cessação do uso de álcool na gravidez.

Resumen: Estudio transversal, de base hospitalaria, nacional, con entrevistas a 23.894 puérperas, en 2011-2012, con el objetivo de estimar la prevalencia de consumo de alcohol durante el embarazo e identificar grupos más vulnerables. El consumo de alcohol durante el embarazo se identificó mediante la escala TWEAK, y las mujeres con puntuación ≥ 2 fueron clasificadas como "diagnóstico presumible de uso inadecuado de alcohol¨. Se calculó la prevalencia nacional de consumo de alcohol y subgrupos según características maternas, con sus respectivos intervalos de 95% de confianza (IC95%). Se identificó gráficamente la coexistencia de tabaquismo, consultas prenatales inadecuadas y consumo de alcohol durante el embarazo. La prevalencia de consumo de alcohol fue del 14% (IC95%: 13,3-14,7), siendo el 10% (IC95%: 9,3-10,6) de mujeres con diagnóstico presumible de uso inadecuado durante el embarazo. Se observaron mayores prevalencias de consumo de alcohol y diagnóstico presumible de uso inadecuado en mujeres de color/raza negra, de 12-19 años, con menos años de escolaridad, de clase económica más baja, sin pareja, sin trabajo remunerado, con más de tres partos previos, que no querían quedar embarazadas, con control prenatal inadecuado, con parto en el sistema público de salud y que relataron fumar durante el embarazo. Se estima que el 1,2% de las mujeres entrevistadas presentaron la concomitancia de tres factores de riesgo en resultados perinatales negativos: tabaquismo, alcohol y atención prenatal inadecuada. Los resultados demuestran una alta prevalencia de consumo de alcohol durante el embarazo y de diagnóstico presumible de uso inadecuado, especialmente en mujeres con las peores condiciones sociales, siendo relevante para la elaboración de políticas públicas que incluyan acciones de prevención del consumo de alcohol y servicios de apoyo para el cese del consumo de alcohol en el embarazo.

Abstract: This is a national cross-sectional, hospital-based study, which interviewed 23,894 postpartum women in 2011-2012 aiming to estimate the prevalence of alcohol use during pregnancy and identifying more vulnerable groups. Alcohol use during pregnancy was identified using the TWEAK scale, and women with a score of ≥ 2 were classified as having a "presumable diagnosis of inadequate alcohol use". The national prevalence of alcohol use and the prevalence in subgroups were calculated according to maternal characteristics, with respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Coexistence of smoking, inadequate prenatal consultations, and alcohol use during pregnancy were graphically identified. The prevalence of alcohol use was 14% (95%CI: 13.3-14.7), with 10% (95%CI: 9.3-10.6) of women presenting presumable diagnosis of inadequate alcohol us during pregnancy. Higher prevalence of alcohol use and presumable diagnosis of inadequate alcohol us was observed in black women, aged 12-19 years, with lower educational level, from a lower economic class, without a partner, without paid work, with more than three previous births, who did not want to get pregnant, with inadequate prenatal care, with previous delivery in public services, and who reported smoking during pregnancy. Among the interviewees, 1.2% presented all three risk factors for negative perinatal outcomes at the same time: smoking, alcohol use, and inadequate prenatal care. The results showed a high prevalence of alcohol use during pregnancy and presumable diagnosis of inadequate alcohol us, especially among women with worse social conditions. These data are relevant for the formulation of public policies to prevent alcohol use and provide support services to help this population stop alcohol use during pregnancy.

Assessment of the completeness of filling the pregnant woman's card from the Ministry of Health: a national, cross-sectional study. / Avaliação da completitude de preenchimento do cartão da gestante do Ministério da Saúde: estudo seccional, de âmbito nacional.

This article aims to evaluate the completeness of the pregnant woman's card filling according to a model standardized by the Ministry of Health. Hospital based, nationwide, cross-sectional study conducted between 2011 and 2012, evaluated data from pregnant women's cards. Variables related to personal, obstetric history and current pregnancy data were used to assess completeness. We used the Kotelchuck index for quantitative evaluation. We analysed 6,577 cards, equivalent to 39% of the cards presented at the time of delivery. The mean completeness was overall "bad" in Brazil and macro-regions, except in the Southern region. Nationwide, the mean completion was "regular" for personal antecedents, "good" for obstetric history, and "bad" for fields related to the current pregnancy. Prenatal care was adequate for 58% of pregnant women. We observed a reduced use of the card recommended by the Ministry of Health and failures in the completeness of filling valuable information of the pregnant woman's card, related to the current pregnancy.

O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a completitude de preenchimento do cartão da gestante segundo modelo padronizado pelo Ministério da Saúde. Estudo seccional de âmbito nacional, base hospitalar, realizado entre 2011 e 2012, que avaliou dados de cartões da gestante. Para avaliação da completitude sob aspecto qualitativo foram utilizadas variáveis relativas a antecedentes pessoais, obstétricos e dados da gestação atual. Para avaliação sob aspecto quantitativo foi utilizado o índice de Kotelchuck. Analisados 6.577 cartões, correspondendo a 39% dos cartões apresentados no momento do parto. A média de completitude foi "ruim" no Brasil e macrorregiões, exceto na região Sul. No Brasil, a média de preenchimento foi "regular" para os antecedentes pessoais, "bom" nos antecedentes obstétricos, e "ruim" nos campos referentes à gestação atual. A assistência pré-natal foi adequada à 58% das gestantes. Foi observada reduzida utilização do modelo de cartão preconizado pelo Ministério da Saúde e falhas no preenchimento do cartão da gestante de informações importantes, relacionadas principalmente à gestação atual.

Avaliação da completitude de preenchimento do cartão da gestante do Ministério da Saúde: estudo seccional, de âmbito nacional / Assessment of the completeness of filling the pregnant woman's card from the Ministry of Health: a national, cross-sectional study

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a completitude de preenchimento do cartão da gestante segundo modelo padronizado pelo Ministério da Saúde. Estudo seccional de âmbito nacional, base hospitalar, realizado entre 2011 e 2012, que avaliou dados de cartões da gestante. Para avaliação da completitude sob aspecto qualitativo foram utilizadas variáveis relativas a antecedentes pessoais, obstétricos e dados da gestação atual. Para avaliação sob aspecto quantitativo foi utilizado o índice de Kotelchuck. Analisados 6.577 cartões, correspondendo a 39% dos cartões apresentados no momento do parto. A média de completitude foi "ruim" no Brasil e macrorregiões, exceto na região Sul. No Brasil, a média de preenchimento foi "regular" para os antecedentes pessoais, "bom" nos antecedentes obstétricos, e "ruim" nos campos referentes à gestação atual. A assistência pré-natal foi adequada à 58% das gestantes. Foi observada reduzida utilização do modelo de cartão preconizado pelo Ministério da Saúde e falhas no preenchimento do cartão da gestante de informações importantes, relacionadas principalmente à gestação atual.

Abstract This article aims to evaluate the completeness of the pregnant woman's card filling according to a model standardized by the Ministry of Health. Hospital based, nationwide, cross-sectional study conducted between 2011 and 2012, evaluated data from pregnant women's cards. Variables related to personal, obstetric history and current pregnancy data were used to assess completeness. We used the Kotelchuck index for quantitative evaluation. We analysed 6,577 cards, equivalent to 39% of the cards presented at the time of delivery. The mean completeness was overall "bad" in Brazil and macro-regions, except in the Southern region. Nationwide, the mean completion was "regular" for personal antecedents, "good" for obstetric history, and "bad" for fields related to the current pregnancy. Prenatal care was adequate for 58% of pregnant women. We observed a reduced use of the card recommended by the Ministry of Health and failures in the completeness of filling valuable information of the pregnant woman's card, related to the current pregnancy.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of a quality improvement program to reduce caesarean sections in Brazilian private hospitals: a case study.

BACKGROUND: In 2015, a quality improvement project of childbirth care called Adequate Childbirth Project ("Projeto Parto Adequado"- PPA) was implemented in Brazilian public and private hospitals, aiming to improve the quality of childbirth care and to reduce caesarean sections without clinical indications. The objective of this study is to conduct an economic analysis of two models of care existing in a private Brazilian hospital-the model following the recommendations of the PPA and the standard of care model-in reducing the proportion of caesarean sections. METHODS: We conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis using data from one of the private hospitals included in the PPA project. The main outcome was the proportion of caesarean section. We used total cost of hospitalization for women and newborns, from the health care sector perspective, during the length of the observed hospital stay. We did not apply discount rates and inflation rate adjustments due to the short time horizon. We conducted univariate sensitivity analysis using the minimum and maximum costs observed in hospitalizations and variation in the probabilities of caesarean section and of maternal and neonatal complications. RESULTS: 238 puerperal women were included in this analysis. The PPA model of care resulted in a 56.9 percentage point reduction in the caesarean section probability (88.6% vs 31.7%, p < 0.001) with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of US$1,237.40 per avoided caesarean section. Women in the PPA model of care also had a higher proportion of spontaneous and induced labor and a lower proportion of early term births. There were no maternal, fetal or neonatal deaths and no significant differences in cases of maternal and neonatal near miss. The cost of uncomplicated vaginal births and caesarean sections was the parameter with the greatest impact on the cost-effectiveness ratio of the PPA model of care. CONCLUSION: The PPA model of care was cost-effective in reducing caesarean sections in women assisted in a Brazilian private hospital. Moreover, it reduced the frequency of early term births and did not increase the occurrence of severe negative maternal and neonatal outcomes.